• The UPR is composed of three different pathways

  2019-10-22

  

  The UPR is composed of three different pathways that fall under the control of three respective ER transmembrane proteins: PERK, IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α) and ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). As a starting signal for the UPR, misfolded proteins induce the release of GRP78 from th

• br Competing interests br Acknowledgments This work

  2019-10-22

  

  Competing interests Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from Fujian Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2016J01612). Introduction Cancer is still one of the most serious diseases in the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second mo

• The human MARCH family comprises

  2019-10-22

  

  The human MARCH family comprises eleven members (termed MARCH-1 to 11), of which nine are transmembrane proteins. In this review, we focus on the role of the membrane-spanning MARCH proteins and how their transmembrane regions can mediate interactions with their target proteins. Therefore, the cytos

• A prominent example of such

  2019-10-22

  

  A prominent example of such enzyme is the proteasome, a highly promising target not only in cancer, but also in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Circulating proteasomes and respective anti-proteasome autoantibodies were detected in serum samples from patients with autoimmune diseases such as mu

• br Methods br Results br Discussion I R induces oxidative

  2019-10-21

  

  Methods Results Discussion I/R induces oxidative stress and increases the intracellular levels of ROS, resulting in tissue damage [31]. ROS is generated by mitochondrial electron transport chain, nicotinamide leukotriene receptor antagonists dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex,

• ApoE is secreted from astrocytes

  2019-10-21

  

  ApoE is secreted from astrocytes/glia into the interstitial fluid and is important for metabolizing Aβ because of its propensity for binding Aβ as a cholesterol and phospholipid acceptor in reverse cholesterol transport [8]. Aβ oligomers show a direct toxicity to neurons, and ApoE inhibits oligomer

• Everolimus treatment showed an increase

  2019-10-21

  

  Everolimus treatment showed an increase in the number of plaques and a reduction in plaque size, depending on concentration and treatment time (Fig. 1, Fig. 2). Everolimus-pretreated xa inhibitor adsorbed less virus with more plaque formation in the initial phase of infection (Fig. 3). The ability

• Here we investigate in more detail

  2019-10-21

  

  Here we investigate in more detail how Dot1 function contributes to the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. We find that Dot1 modulates the response to the alkylating agent MMS through its catalytic activity on H3K79. In fact, progressively reduced levels of H3K79 tri-methylation result in gradually

• Except for S adenosylmethionine SAM Fig sources of endogenou

  2019-10-21

  

  Except for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM, Fig. 1), sources of endogenous DNA alkylation are not well defined. Other possible sources include nitroso compounds related to the well known mutagen methylnitrosourea which are generated in vitro by nitrosation of cellular amines including amino acids, protein

• Perturbation in the cytokine network is correlated with

  2019-10-21

  

  Perturbation in the cytokine network is correlated with disruption of growth hormone and glucocorticoid (GC) homeostasis (Thissen and Verniers, 1997; Sahid El-Radhi et al., 2000; Waxman and Holloway, 2009; Zhao et al., 2014), with important physiological consequences because cytokines affect the reg

• RCT pathway plays a critical role

  2019-10-21

  

  RCT pathway plays a critical role in the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis by facilitating the cholesterol clearance and cholesterol efflux (Levinson & Wagner, 2015). In the process of RCT, ABCA1 and ABCG1 played as crucial regulators in cholesterol efflux (Yasuda et al., 2011). Compared with h

• In recent years there has been much

  2019-10-21

  

  In recent years, there has been much interest within the endothelin community regarding the possibility that ETA and ETB receptors may form homo- and heterodimers. Heterodimerization of endothelin receptors may provide an explanation for the results mentioned in the previous paragraph and might also

• Several studies have shown that independently of body weight

  2019-10-21

  

  Several studies have shown that, independently of body-weight control, the central actions of leptin improve glycemic control in obese diabetic rat and mouse models [62]. For instance, restoration of OB-Rb expression in OB-Rb-deficient mice, and in particular in POMC neurons, was sufficient to norma

• While agnathans appear to have reduced their Ednr

  2019-10-21

  

  While agnathans appear to have reduced their Ednr repertoire to the Ednra gene (that may have been amplified in the Arctic lamprey), gnathostomes in general have been relatively inert to Ednr gene loss. Strikingly, the only Ednr gene that has been lost repeatedly is EdnrB2 (lost in therian mammals,

• In regards to regional variation

  2019-10-21

  

  In regards to regional variation in metabolic behavior of adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue transplantation has been shown to reprogram visceral adipose tissue to have subcutaneous-like phenotypic behavior, whereas visceral-to-subcutaneous transplantation does not promote a more detrimenta

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